what did gertrude bell do during ww1

‌World War I had an enormous impact on Gertrude Bell, changing her life dramatically. This knowledge was to be of great value. I shall cross by the afternoon boat on Monday. Well versed in the lands and cultures of Mesopotamia, Bell put her knowledge to work for the British government during World War I. Yet, as independent as we know Bell to have been, she also appears to have been affected by the absence of her maid Marie, whom she had left behind at Sloane Street with the expectation that she would shortly travel back to the family seat in Yorkshire. She first travelled in the Middle East in .She was called by many in the Middle East. An Archaeology of Children: finding childhoods in the past, Gertrude Bell: Love Through A Different Lens, Food in the Field: cooking and inclusive fieldwork practice, On the Incompleteness of Archaeological Narratives, Rape - the Use and Misuse of Narratives of Sexual Violence, 'A critical review of the interpretation of infant burials in Roman Britain...', 'Images and contexts of infants and infant burials...', Animal and Infant Burials on Romano-British Villas, Gertrude Bell - More Than A 'Free Booting Scholar', Gertrude Bell, Photographer - Jerusalem to Dead Sea, Gertrude Bell's Christmas in Bethlehem 1899, Gertrude Bell - in Search of the 'Real Woman', Gertrude Bell 1914-15 - Christmas in France, a New Year in Purgatory, Fine Dining in the Desert with Gertrude Bell, The Intriguing Roman Villa at Norton Disney, Three Burials at Norton Disney & the End of Roman Villas, Romano-British Villas & Social Construction of Space, Animal and Infant Burials in Romano-British Villas (A 'Revitalisation' Movement? Jordan - Jordan - Transjordan, the Hāshimite Kingdom, and the Palestine war: During World War I the Arabs joined the British against the Ottomans. Nov 21 1914. As she packed for France in the London apartment, however, she became - if we regard the infamous watch as a barometer of her state of mind - increasingly anxious once more, and her irascibility returned; and by the following day she uncharacteristically sounds practically disorganised: ‘The watch is not here and Marie knows perfectly well that it is not. Y1). Furthermore, Bell, having left her French lady’s maid Marie Delaere behind in London at the Bell family’s apartment at 95 Sloane Street, would need to organise her own daily dressing and laundry, and she decided she needed not just the right clothes but a lot more of them: ‘Dearest Mother … I am to be inducted into my jobs tomorrow morning, but I haven't got nearly enough Red X clothes, for I shall have to wear them all the time, and I am going to London tomorrow for an hour or two in the afternoon to get more.’ (Letters, 10th November 1914). She knew that he would understand the reasons for her determination to go to France, just as he was being asked to understand Maurice’s. Indeed, she would be there even before her brother Maurice. (His request was granted and Lt. Col Maurice Bell left for France in April 1915, where he would see action on the front line. The excitement of going to France seems to have restored some of Bell’s spirits and good humour. In the picture: Coronation of Faisal in Baghdad, 1921. She had experience as a historian, archaeologist, Arab and European linguist, photographer, cartographer and analyst. As ever, Bell was concerned with having the correct clothes for each occasion. It began just a few months after the outbreak of the Great War in the summer of 1914. The project's first recruit is Lionel Turpin ( 1896-1929) Mentioned in Stephen Bourne's book, Black Poppies: Britain's Black Community and the Great War, (2014), quoting from Jackie Turpin's book while talking about his father, Lionel Turpin, Jack says: He felt British. Dick’s wife Lilian (aka ‘Judith’) was an extremely accomplished nurse, working in France in a private hospital that she herself had established. She was … She had visited Sloane Street on the 20th November, and been displeased with what she found (or didn’t find) there. Nursing was now a professional role and even the junior rank, the ‘VADs’ (Voluntary Aid Detachment), were required to undergo training. At first glance, Bell’s reference to ‘her powers’ might seem just a tad arrogant, possibly even conceited, but she was simply stating a fact. ), Polyandry in Late Iron Age & Roman Britain, PhD thesis on R-B Villas - detailed contents, Gertrude Bell's World War 1 - Beginnings, ← Gertrude Bell 1914-15 - Christmas in France, a New Year in Purgatory, Gertrude Bell - in Search of the 'Real Woman' →. In 1915 Gertrude was invited to join the newly formed Arab Bureau in Cairo. Over 100,000 were issued to British troops and they were in constant use from May 1916 onwards. England had ruled them for the next 700 years. Britain started the war ruling the biggest empire the world had ever seen and ended up with it even bigger. After 1918 Britain gained territory from Germany in Africa making British rule continuous from Cape Town to the Suez Canal and they pro… But in the Middle East today, the desert warrior’s legacy is written in sand Her letters to Dick at this time were lyrical and intense. Lawrence was the only member of the British delegation — which included Sir Mark Sykes, one of the authors of the Sykes-Picot Agreement — committed to Arab independence. Gertrude Bell at the Cairo Conference, 1921 - delegates included Churchill (seated, hat on knee) and T E Lawrence (standing behind to his left, in mufti) (Credit: Gertrude Bell Photographic Archive, Newcastle University). The topmost photograph from the Gertrude Bell Archive at Newcastle University is Catalogue Number Pers B 5, photo taken between 1914 and 1926. Dearest Mother. Historical Person Search Search Search Results Results Gertrude Bell (1880 - 1964) Try FREE for 14 days Try FREE for 14 days How do we create a person’s profile? She had studied not just the geography of the region but also the politics of the ‘tribes’. A favour had been granted by her well-connected friend Harold Russell (of the aristocratic Russell family - cousin of Bertrand Russell): Darling Father. Gertrude Bell possibly circa 1914 (Photo credit: Gertrude Bell Archive, Newcastle University) Gertrude Bell’s experience of war work in the south of England and in France was brief, but formative. No. Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell, CBE (14 July 1868 – 12 July 1926) was an English writer, traveller, political officer, administrator, and archaeologist who explored, mapped, and became highly influential to British imperial policy-making due to her knowledge and contacts, built up through extensive travels in Syria-Palestine, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Arabia. Fluent in Persian and Arabic, Bell worked for the British government … Oct 5, 2016 - Historical Picture of Winston Churchill, Gertrude Bell, T. E. Lawrence 1921 Lawrence, the Arabs severed the Hejaz Railway. Bored and frustrated at Clandon Park Hospital in the south of England - which has been, to date, a little-discussed episode in her life - with no role to speak of except taking round reading materials to wounded Belgian troops, she maneuvered her way over to France to fill a secretarial position. Harold Russell had found her a post as a secretary. Official record of Gertrude Bell’s service as a secretary in the Missing and Wounded Enquiry Dept, France, showing her entitlement to the decoration of a Star (Source: Ancestry.com). In a revolt of 1916, in which they were assisted by Colonel T.E. Read honest and … Bell was drawn to the Middle East. Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom. She could ride horseback for days; and was an accomplished mountaineer. Lady Onslow was the hospital’s official Commandant, and wore full a Red Cross uniform when on duty, as was Bell expected to do. At that time she was involved in a consuming emotional affair with professional military officer Lt. Col. Charles ‘Dick’ Doughty-Wylie, whom she had met some years previously in Turkey. During the war, she invented the Ayrton Fan, a device that helped soldiers clear poisonous gas from their trenches. ... "And so very hastily Faisal was made King of Iraq and Gertrude Bell designed a very nice coronation for him," MacMillan says. Once abroad, she would need her most resilient watch. Marie did not send the blue brocade gown here as I told her to do. My address till I tell you anything else will be Headquarters British Red X Boulogne. Gertrude Bell’s experience of war work in the south of England and in France was brief, but formative. Use the links and questions below to learn more about Gertrude Bell and her legacy. Bearing in mind her knowledge that the troops needed the basics like gloves, and wounded troops were arriving daily in England for medical treatment, and young men were dying, it is on the surface an extraordinary letter to have sent to her step-mother Florence: ‘Friday 95 Sloane Street. However, once the British were embroiled in World War I, and particularly during 1916, ... Iraq and Gertrude Bell‘s The Arab of Mesopotamia (Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2008), 150. But since then, it had been mittens for dispatch and reading materials for convalescent troops in an English hospital. The True Story of Lawrence of Arabia His daring raids in World War I made him a legend. The fact of the matter is that prior to getting herself to France, she was stuck doing very little in a hospital that had been established in the grand house of Lord and Lady Onslow at Clandon Park, where she arrived on the 10th November 1914. It was how this brilliant woman was socialised, with all its pros and cons. Choose from 52 different sets of meanwhile flashcards on Quizlet. Within a year Gertrude Bell was called to the Middle East to serve the British administration – where, in Baghdad, after a series of notable geo-political accomplishments, she died just a decade later by her own hand. It was at this time that she began working closely with Sir Percy Cox, the chief British political officer in Mesopotamia. Gertrude Bell, an archaeologist, linguist and writer who had travelled extensively in the Middle East, was recruited in World War One to Britain's Arab Bureau in Cairo. If I had not by good luck brought one up from Clandon I should have had nothing to wear. Dearest Mother. Gertrude Bell - in Search of the ‘Real Woman’. In 1916 Bell was sent to Basra in Iraq as an assistant political officer. Gertrude’ (Letters, 21 November 2014). (Letters, 17th November 1914), Gertrude Bell and her formidable gaze (Credit: Gertrude Bell Archive, Newcastle University - Cat. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Gertrude Bell: Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations (First American Edition) at Amazon.com. ‘Her way’ was to secure some sort of position in France. Faisal I bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemi (Arabic: فيصل بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي ‎, Fayṣal al-Awwal ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī al-Hāshimī; 20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933) was King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria or Greater Syria in 1920, and was King of Iraq from 23 August 1921 to 1933. Lawrence, in attempts to destabilise the Ottoman Empire and encourage an Arab uprising. She heard the shelling on the front line. Europe was focused on its well being. This would please her; and she knew it would please her father. Her subsequent detailed, valuable report - her first such official report for the British Government - found its way to the desk of Sir Edward Grey. Comprehension. She was frequently in search of parental approval, even into her forties, and indeed up to her death. British-born Gertrude Bell, also referred to as the female Lawrence of Arabia, was an adventurer, spy, archaeologist and powerful political force who travelled into the uncharted Arabian desert and was recruited by British Military Intelligence to help reshape the Middle East after World War I. It was on my dressing table the morning I left Rounton. I always wear it hunting. Dearest when you tell me you love me & want me still, my heart sings - & then weeps for longing to be with you. Gertrude Bell did not herself make mittens - a Mrs Jones did the knitting - but she made regular financial donations toward their provision. Gertrude Bell (1868-1926), linguist, diplomat and spy, responsible for relations with the Arab population. It’s an unkind letter from Bell’s hand, but it was borne of exasperation. I have a telegram this morning from Boulogne asking whether they can count on me on Sunday or Monday. You fill my cup, this shallow cup that has grown so deep to hold your love & mine. The only woman to have any significant role in the peace settlements, Gertrude Bell, arrived … It’s an intriguing story, able to be told primarily because we have her surviving letters as a central part of the … Gertrude Bell, first secretary of the Women’s League, was a great admirer of Lord Cromer and herself a distinguished expert on the Middle East, where she helped establish the post-war British mandate over Iraq. After residing briefly in a hospital in England but debarred from any actual nursing due to a lack of training combined with her social position, Gertrude Bell arrived in France on the 23rd November 1914 nearly four months after the outbreak of the Great War. She is really abominably careless. Clandon Park was no amateur set-up: it was a formally recognised auxiliary military hospital, with a relatively large medical staff and an operating theatre. This was the woman who had made extraordinary journeys in the Middle East and Arabia in the years prior to the Great War, commanding desert caravans and mapping the terrain with great precision. She was the first woman to graduate from Oxford with a first-class degree in Modern History, an accomplished mountaineer and a linguist. Bell awaited firm confirmation and instructions about her post in Boulogne, France. Gertrude Bell studied history at Oxford and embarked on a career as a writer, traveler and archaeologist. Mulhall, America, 66. When I asked her for it here she replied that she could not find it and took no further trouble … [Note on back of envelope] I have found my watch - at the bottom of the linen drawer!’ (Letters, 22 November 1914), (I actually felt quite relieved for Marie reading the end-note of that letter.). Bell had perhaps other reasons to feel called toward the front line. After the war ended, she was instrumental in … Her younger brother Maurice, a Sandhurst-trained army officer in his younger years, was no longer a professional soldier; but like many men of his generation he was keen to serve again and get over to France. Read the enclosed from Harold Russell and send it on to Mother. Here she worked alongside Middle East specialists, including T.E. She became friends with T.E. Gertrude Bell possibly circa 1914 (Photo credit: Gertrude Bell Archive, Newcastle University). Fed up with her circumstances, she was pinning her hopes on a position in France. Lawrence, in attempts to destabilise the Ottoman Empire and encourage an Arab uprising. It would be very interesting wouldn't it. In addition the oil resources of the Middle East were becoming increasingly important. A Hashemite monarchy was … The group was set up by Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill to … The posters and the newspaper reports of what was unfolding across the Channel in 1914 became an ingrained part of the visual landscape of Gertrude Bell’s world. She was happy to contribute in this way; but she felt constrained. Despite being able to wear the Red Cross uniform, conflicts of ‘authority’ barred Gertrude Bell from any actual nursing, she lamented in a letter: ‘They won't let me go into the wards to do any nursing on the ground that I shall not be able to keep authority over people who during some hours of the day would be in authority over me. Gertrude Bell along with her colleague Lawrence and Cox were part of a group of ‘Orientalists’ specially selected by Winston Churchill to represent British interests at the 1921 Conference in Cairo to determine the boundaries of the British Mandate. I know it is at home. The fate of the Belgians in the early months of the Great War was employed to great effect in the recruitment drive that was to chew up a generation of young men - and it also helped to drive the civilian war effort. Bell was made a CBE for her work during and after World War One in the creation of Transjordan and Iraq. Gertrude Bell could in fact be quite self-effacing when writing about herself to others, especially her step-mother, but this letter was to her father about something that really mattered to her. I should like it posted to Boulogne. And thank you for reading about the remarkable Gertrude Bell. Ladies such as Gertrude Bell, her step-mother Florence, and her sisters Molly and Elsa were expected to assist Red Cross efforts, which they did with diligence from the start of the War, notably in the organisation of large quantities of mittens (knitted woollen gloves) for the troops. No. There is a small gold watch here which is a. not mine, and b. broken. Indeed Bell appears to have struggled in her new environment to the point of irascibility. She had observed and noted these peoples’ relationships with each other as well as their entanglements with the Arab elites and foreign overlords; and she well understood the competing interests of the western powers and the ruling Ottoman Empire. Bell was not expecting her arrival, and hastily invited her to lunch. She drew the borders of Iraq, helped install its first king and established the Baghdad Museum of Antiquities which … She understandably wanted and needed to do more. I do wonder if Bell was also trying on some level to ‘prove her worth’ to Dick, to elevate herself in his eyes, in order that she might be able to write to him of their shared war experiences as a form of intimacy that would entwine them further. But perhaps if I wait patiently I may yet get my way’ (Letters, 15 November 1914). We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person’s profile. Gertrude Bell was exploring and shaping the Middle East. In 1915 Gertrude was invited to join the newly formed Arab Bureau in Cairo. It’s an intriguing story, able to be told primarily because we have her surviving letters as a central part of the archive. 3. Lilian wanted to talk, and there could be only one subject. When war broke out in Europe in August 1914, Turkey, which then controlled all of the Middle East, joined Germany in the fight against Great Britain. She also wondered in a letter home if her path might cross her brother Maurice’s at some point, because she too would be in France. She continued to work for the British Government in a variety of posts throughout the war, moving from Cairo to Basra, and eventually to Baghdad. It is a gunmetal one in a green leather wrist band. I am going to London this afternoon in time to go to the Red X and see Arthur Stanley if possible. Bell, while there, awkwardly met with Lilian (‘Judith’) Doughty-Wylie, the experienced, respected field nurse who was the wife of the man she hoped to marry; had an epiphany about life being too short; set up a filing system to help distraught relatives better trace missing and wounded boys and young men; and came home just a few months later. Lady Onslow with hospital patients at Clandon Park (Photo credit: National Trust, Clandon Park). Much more. The uphill struggle she now faced was that, as a woman, her talents were considered by many in the Establishment to be of limited use in wartime. KEY INFORMATION: Gertrude Bell was born in . It’s as though in a time of utter turmoil she was craving some sort of inevitability. Her new Red Cross posting in the Missing and Wounded Enquiry Department was, she felt, more suited to her ‘powers’. Lady Jersey was president of the female imperialist Victoria League as well as of the Women’s National Anti-Suffrage League. She learned to speak Arabic fluently and through her travels in the MidEast and her intimate knowledge of the different tribes she was able to become an important player in the politics of the area during World War 1. In the meantime, she would go to France. Gertrude Bell’s caravan (men and camels), Syria December 1913 (photo credit: Gertrude Bell Archive, Newcastle University - Cat. During the war, the British and the French held secret negotiations. Here she worked alongside Middle East specialists, including T.E. The British were determined to protect the Suez Canal which was vital for communications between India and Britain. I'm sorry because I should have liked to have had some sort of experience of all kinds and also because I haven't yet enough to do to fill in my day.’ (Letters, 15th November 1914). But yes, thank me for it, as you say, with love & trust & confidence. Bell had the social rank to be ‘in charge’ of the big house in Lady Onslow’s absence; but in the context of a military-grade hospital, her nursing skills were insufficient and would place her on the bottom rung of the ladder. The principal delegates were France’s Georges Clemenceau, Great Britain’s Lloyd George, the U.S.’s Woodrow Wilson, and Italy’s Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. It's rather exciting isn't it! Turkey was retreating into it's borders. Poster published by the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, London. She was the only woman in the area to have an official role in politics during World War I, working towards creating the country that would become Iraq. May I please give you some orders for Marie. This was a sadly deft prognosis. With British troops currently active in Iraq, Derek Hopwood unravels the two countries' shared history, and reflects on other periods when British troops have been on Iraqi soil. Whom did Gertrude Bell assist in the effort to foment the Arab rebellion against the Ottoman Empire? WW1 ‌World War I had an enormous impact on Gertrude Bell, changing her life dramatically. Gertrude Bell (far left) among the delegates of the Mespot Commission at the Cairo Conference in Cairo, Egypt, c. 1921. Like most wars, World War 1 began with a declaration - the 4th August 1914 for the British - and moved swiftly on to repeated call-ups of young men and an appeal for voluntary service from the rest of the population. Britain seized Iraq from Ottoman Turkey during World War I and was granted a mandate by the League of Nations to govern the nation in 1920. As a powerful official of the British administration in Baghdad after the first world war, Bell ensured that an Arab state was founded from the three Ottoman provinces of … These experiences in France were to change Gertrude Bell’s outlook on life forever. Learn meanwhile with free interactive flashcards. It finally came on the 21st November: ‘Clandon Park Hospital, Guildford. Bell’s letters show that she was languishing and becoming frustrated: ‘I have been sorting and distributing French novels all the afternoon after hanging about and doing nothing most of the morning.’ (Letters, 12 November 1914), ‘I haven't yet enough to do to fill in my day. She wrote briefly to Florence while passing through Sloane Street on the way to Boulogne, and whilst the watch was once again mentioned, there was a small joke attached: Marie has not sent my watch. Her role in the Great War, however, began in far humbler circumstances. Pers B 3). It looks as if I were pretty sure of a job presently and what he suggests sounds well suited to my powers. She is to send here too my blue green silk day down from Osporat.’ (Letters, 20 November 1914). Lawrence (the famous "Lawrence of Arabia") and helped formulate the British strategy of encouraging the Arabs to revolt against the Turks. Gertrude Bell’s father Hugh awaited instructions regarding his industrial businesses. This is very important. The only major loss was England's oldest colony Ireland, next door, who had been ruled by England since the 1200s when King Henry 2nd was asked by an Irish war lord to come and make peace between the warring local chiefs. It’s what she described to Dick as ‘the horror’; and, with her old nemesis loneliness wrapping itself around her mind during those long evenings and nights, she missed him with worn-out desperation and battled it with a fierce, poetic, quasi-biblical passion: ‘Tonight came your beloved letter of Dec 3 thanking me for my book & for my love. A new reality began to bite in many ways. Tell her is is not here with my curses (Letters, 21 November 1914). Might she see Dick there, Gertrude wondered. 2. What did Bell do in Basra in 1916? She’d had early interest shown in her experience and knowledge in September, after a request from British Intelligence in Cairo about the situation in Syria had been passed to her via the Director of Military Operations. In the circumstances of 1914, Bell knew she could and should be doing more; not least because it was clear that this War was going to have a significant front in the Middle East, an area she knew better, and at first-hand, than most politicians and many military strategists. Might they get away to London for some short time together, she suggested to him in a letter. I want it sent to Dibdins to be cleaned, and returned by them here. She met the devastated parents of the dead, the missing and the wounded, and looked into their faces. The British intelligence bureau in Cairo hired Bell as an advisor on Arabia. I will send her the silk shirt as a pattern as soon as it comes back from the wash. The British campaigns against Ottoman Turkey, which form the background to this period in Gertrude Bell’s life, tend to be neglected in comparison with events in Europe. Increasing tension across Europe resulted in the Great War breaking out... meanwhile, elsewhere…. She was 46 years old and had been through exploits of her own. However they were of great strategic importance. Having arrived on the 23rd November, by the 25th Bell was able to write that she had begun the work of improving the index system of registering dead, missing and wounded; and dealing with the relatives of the young men. Very stupid and careless of her. So I've said I'll go Monday. 1. Along with T. E. Lawrence, Bell helped support the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan as well as in Iraq. I shall want her to make the flannel shirt quickly. I’ll look at these more in my next blog piece; and in a forthcoming new book - preview here, or click on picture below. The development of their relationship was complicated. I want the gun metal watch in a green leather wristband. Acknowledgments: The Gertrude Bell Archive, Newcastle University; The National Trust, Clandon Park; H V F Winstone 1978 Gertrude Bell (Quartet), esp pp 150-151; posters published by the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, London; and records available via National Archives and Ancestry,com (£). Lilian had operated field hospitals previously in Turkey for victims of the first Armenian massacre, and was an invaluable asset near the war front. And then, just ten weeks later, Dick’s wife Lilian Doughty-Wylie left her nearby field hospital and made the journey to Gertrude Bell’s office. I'll write tomorrow to you. [p.s.] How and why did Gertrude Bell die in Baghdad? I shall need it if I go abroad. I have filled all the hollow places of this world with my desire for you; it floods out, measureless to creep up the high mountains where you live.’ (Gertrude to Dick - Letters, 30 December 1914). He was wounded in January 1916 but survived, and eventually became the 3rd Bell family baronet.) It began just a few months after the outbreak of the Great War in the summer of 1914. He was descended from slaves taken from West Africa but English was his first… Paris Peace Conference (1919–20), the meeting that inaugurated the international settlement after World War I. Your affectionate daughter Gertrude. The watch she sent here is not the right one. In mentioning her ‘powers’, she was reminding her father of her experiences and skills in other places in difficult circumstances. I'll write from London. As soon as I know where I can lodge I will give you that address. Bell started to hear about some of the catastrophic injuries to young men, some of whom were just boys. 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Boulogne asking whether they can count on me on Sunday or Monday been mittens for dispatch and reading materials convalescent. Match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create person. Her ‘ powers ’, she was happy to contribute in this way ; but she regular... Great War in the summer of 1914 of england and in France was brief, but.. An accomplished mountaineer and a linguist was brief, but formative sounds suited... During the War, however, began in far humbler circumstances Bell started to about. These experiences in France or Monday for dispatch and reading materials for convalescent troops an. Arab rebellion against the Ottoman Empire convalescent troops in an English hospital I know where I can lodge I send...
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